Since the eight reactions were run on fragments of random length, the eight plus and minus reactions collectively produced DNA fragments of all possible lengths.4 The fragments in these eight reactions were separated by size (using gel electrophoresis) and then imaged with autoradiography. Gels were dried and then placed against X-ray film, allowing the radioactive DNA fragments to expose the film and appear as dark bands, which a scientist could then painstakingly translate into the DNA sequence. In 1977, Sanger and colleagues sequenced the first full DNA genome using this method: a small bacterial virus with 5,386 nucleotides in its genome, called ɸX174 or “PhiX.”
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批評者指出，對郭父的定罪和判刑，標誌著港府對海外政見人士的打壓已擴展到其家人，做法越來越像中國大陸的高壓路線。